Regarding your second point, you also cannot guarantee that small animals like rodents are not harmed in the process of harvesting plants.

And that eating fish doesn’t count as eating meat…

That humans are apex predators, and we have been so for upwards of 2.5 million years. Following from this, I believe that most chronic illnesses that we have today (e.g. obesity, diabetes, mental illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, PCOS, etc.) are caused by us straying from eating diets with lots of fatty meat.

Instead of trying a bunch of different conflicting methods for weight loss from these comments, I would recommend you instead first understand the science of it with:

• The Aetiology of Obesity
• Solving the Two-Compartment Problem

Same. For me, the big one’s my bank that requires its users to use Chrome, else it won’t let you log in. I got around this by using an agent-switcher extension in Firefox.

The study that your article references is a mouse study, so the relevance to humans is questionable.

In addition, fiber is shown to be beneficial to humans primarily when comparing the standard American diet to a high-fiber diet. This is likely because fiber is mostly non-digestable by humans (as we’ve lost the ability to digest fiber more than 2-million years ago unlike our closest living great-ape cousins), and acts as a physical barrier to the absorption of sugars and starches which also helps to lower insulin spikes.

If you do not eat a high-carb diet (such as a ketogenic diet), then eliminating the undigestable matter (i.e. fiber) from your diet is probably beneficial because you’ll be able to absorb more nutrients and get rid of constipation-related issues.

And non-plants like algae and bacteria.

Time doesn’t have to be 1:1 between a host and a simulation. The host can take as long as it wants to render the next step in a simulation, and any observers within the simulated universes would not be able to discern the choppiness of their flow of time.

According to Dr. Chris Palmer and Dr. Georgia Ede, you’re more likely to get better results by just changing your diet.

I’ve always loved chickens.

Keepass + Syncthing

Because:

• Ruminants like cows repair our depleating topsoil via regenerative farming (our current approach of using petroleum-based fertilisers is not sustainable)
• A single cow’s life can feed a human for 1 to 2 years, compared to the many incidentally killed animals (insects, rodents, frogs, birds, etc.) during the growing and harvesting of crops, plus the destruction of entire ecosystems to create the mono-crop farms in the first place
• Humans need to eat lots of fat to be physically and mentally healthy, and beef provides lots of fat (the low-fat high-carbohydrate diets recommended by various agencies — starting with the US’s department of agriculture in the late '70s via the food pyramid — are making us sick, with once-rare diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and dementia now commonplace)

FYI, the reason why humans look so much like apes is because humans ARE apes (specifically, great apes).

From a non-American’s perspective, I think part of the mistrust comes from Americans have been through high-profile lies perpetrated by government agencies.

For example, a more recent one in the last few decades is the Food Pyramid/MyPlate that was/is promoted by the US government’s agriculture department. This has led to Americans in the late '70s/early '80s to start a war on saturated fat and cholesterol, and the rapid adoption of carbohydrates in the average diet. What has happened in the decades following is a rapid increase in metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mental illnesses — all of which were rare in human history prior to the '70s. While I’m glad Americans are waking up to the realisation of the mass brainwashing of what constitutes “healthy” food, I’m still upset that — due to the influence of America on the global stage — my own country has followed suit in adopting the US’s dietary guidelines to the detriment of our own health.

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It’s not just Americans — the world is becoming increasingly obese and sick — and I highly doubt it’s because humanity has collectively lost our willpower and health-consiousness within 50 years.

Saturated fat has become so demonised that people can’t comprehend how I’ve lost so much body fat by eating mostly fat while doing minimal exercise. My mental clarity, focus, and energy have also noticeably improved by eating a mostly fatty-meat diet.

What’s your basis of conceiving of humans as apex predators?

Going off memory:

• Archeology tells us that human sites were littered with the bones of large and medium-sized animals
• Archeology also suggests that our diets were very meat-heavy from looking at stable isotopes in the bones of ancient humans
• Biology tells us that the sounds of human voices instill more fear in animals than even the sounds of lions
• Biology tells us that we once had the ability to break down fiber, but we have lost that ability after switching to an animal-heavy diet for more than 2-million years
• Anatomy tells us that we have many adaptations to hunt and consume meat, such as: our skeletal structure allows for precise long-distance throwing of heavy objects (such as rocks and spears), high stomach acidity (useful for eating old meat from megafauna that weren’t consumed immediately), forward-looking vision (characteristic of predators), the ability to sweat (that allows us to keep cool during persistence hunting), teeth with thin enamel that aren’t well-suited to grinding down vegetation, and an intestine-to-height ratio in line with predators

This is starting to sound pretty disingenuous or poorly-informed based on my impressions of the science.

I’m not sure what science you’re referring to, but from what I’ve learned, nutrition science is very much not a mature field of study, especially compared to adjacent disciplines. If you immediately discount the carnivore diet, I would ask you to ask yourself why (for example, is it because “everyone just knows that fruit, vegetables, and grains are healthy for you”?), and approach the question of what humanity’s species-appropriate diet is from first principles.

Nutritional meta-studies are based on individual studies. If the foundation is composed of correlation studies, such a meta-study would still not be able to show causation.

I was disappointed in the science of nutrition compared to other disciplines, which is why I looked to adjacent fields of study, like anatomy, evolution, biology, psychology, anthropology, archeology, and the history of the study of nutrition itself.

Modern humans have been around for ~300,000 years, and humans have been around for ~2 million years. Looking at our diets across the last several centuries isn’t enough to get a clear understanding as we haven’t significantly changed anatomically for hundreds of thousands of years. Humans have become apex predators not from scavenging for vegetables and fruits.

Humans have thrived through multiple ice ages where vegetables and fruit were scarce as hunters of megafauna. Our anatomy and unique adaptations suggest that there were strong evolutionary pressures that shaped us into the apex predators we are, despite not having large claws, horns, teeth, jaws, etc. that are typical of other apex predators.

Humans handle fatty meat very well. The growing popularity of the carnivore diet is a testament to this, with several practicing medical doctors starting to speak out in support of it. On the other hand, various populations handle different vegetation with mixed results. For example, a large minority of many populations still can’t handle bread, of all things, very well.

You should double-check those studies, as they are likely to be correlation studies that do not prove causation and are riddled with confounding factors.

The major problem with most studies in the field of nutrition is that most of them are correlation studies, which are useful in creating hypotheses but are not sufficient in determining causation.

From evolution.

Plants are living organisms, and they do not want to be eaten, so they have evolved many defences to that end. They cannot run away nor physically fight back, yet they are one of the most successful kingdoms on Earth.

How do plants protect themselves? Their primary form of defence is chemical warfare. Plants produce chemicals like oxalates, lectins, phytates, cyanide, hormone disruptors, nutrient blockers, and carcinogens to discourage animals from eating them.

Animals and plants have been evolving together in a never-ending evolutionary arms race for millions of years, wherein animals develop adaptations to be able to break down the plants’ defence chemicals safely, and plants evolve stronger defence chemicals. In nature, we see this manifest in herbivores being very specialised in the types of plants they can eat without getting sick. This is why we don’t see every animal desolating entire swaths of forests, marshes, grasslands, etc.

Humans, too, are animals, and it was only in the last 12,000 years or so when we invented agriculture and settled down, thus entering a new age of heavy plant intake. Almost immediately, we experienced negative effects such as a shrinkage of brain size, a shorter stature, and poor teeth health. However, while relying on plants at the individual level resulted in health sacrifices, especially later on in life, at the societal level, agriculture provided a means to dramatically increase a settlement’s population size and strength.

Humans still instinctively know to not eat plants unless necessary to survive. For example, if you were thrown into the middle of a forest, you would know that eating most of the plants around you will immediately make you sick. Parents also frequently see this when they force their kids to eat so-called healthy foods such as broccoli, spinach, and Brussels sprouts, which the kids will intuitively avoid, but are forced to accept in the name of health.

Essentially, each species has a species-appropriate diet, and humans are not special. We have specific adaptations for specific foods for optimum health, just like every other species — we’ve just forgotten what that is.