android has user profiles (although most oems disable them in their custom roms), you can just create multiple users with completely separate app data.

you can also create a single Work Profile for each user (which is available and works on basically all devices).

Samsung also has a built-in sandbox feature (“Secure folder”)

There are hundreds of apps that can create a virtualized sandboxes (by running apps within themselves and hooking into api calls)

And of course apps can just be cloned by just patching them to change the app id.